-
1 penalty
['pɛnltɪ]n( punishment) kara f; ( fine) grzywna f; (SPORT) ( disadvantage) kara f; ( penalty kick) rzut m karny* * *['penlti]plural - penalties; noun1) (a punishment for doing wrong, breaking a contract etc: They did wrong and they will have to pay the penalty; The death penalty has been abolished in this country.) kara2) (in sport etc, a disadvantage etc that must be suffered for breaking the rules etc: The referee awarded the team a penalty; ( also adjective) a penalty kick) karny -
2 observance
[əb'zəːvns]nprzestrzeganie nt (prawa, zwyczajów itp)* * *1) (the act of obeying rules etc: the observance of the law.) przestrzeganie2) (the act of observing (a tradition etc): the observance of religious holidays.) obchodzenie -
3 rebellion
-
4 lay down
vtpen, book odkładać (odłożyć perf); rules etc ustanawiać (ustanowić perf); arms składać (złożyć perf)to lay down the law — rządzić się (pej)
to lay down one's life (for) — oddawać (oddać perf) życie (za +acc)
* * *1) (to give up: They laid down their arms; The soldiers laid down their lives in the cause of peace.) złożyć, oddać2) (to order or instruct: The rule book lays down what should be done in such a case.) stanowić, przewidywać3) (to store: My father laid down a good stock of wine which I am now drinking.) zrobić zapas -
5 strictly speaking
(if we must be completely accurate, act according to rules etc: Strictly speaking, he should be punished for this.) ściśle mówiąc -
6 stringent
['strɪndʒənt]adj* * *['strin‹ənt]adjective ((of rules etc) very strict, or strongly enforced: There should be much more stringent laws against the dropping of rubbish in the streets.) surowy -
7 technicality
[tɛknɪ'kælɪtɪ]n( detail) szczegół m techniczny; ( point of law) szczegół m (prawny)on a technicality, the judge dismissed the case — z powodu uchybienia formalnego sędzia oddalił sprawę
* * *1) (a technical detail or technical term: Their instructions were full of technicalities.) szczegół techniczny, termin fachowy2) (a (trivial) detail or problem, eg caused by (too) strict obedience to laws, rules etc: I'm not going to be put off by mere technicalities.) (nieistotny) szczegół -
8 code
[kəud]n( rules) kodeks m; ( cipher) szyfr m; (also: dialling code) (numer m) kierunkowy; (also: post code) kod m (pocztowy)code of behaviour/practice — kodeks zachowania/postępowania
* * *[kəud] 1. noun1) (a collection of laws or rules: a code of behaviour.) kodeks2) (a (secret) system of words, letters, or symbols: the Morse Code; The message was in code; We have deciphered the enemy's code.) szyfr3) (a system of symbols etc for translating one type of language into another: There are a number of codes for putting English into a form usable by a computer.) kod2. verb(to put into (secret, computer etc) code: Have you coded the material for the computer?) szyfrować, kodować -
9 hold
[həuld] 1. pt, pp held, vt( in hand) trzymać; ( contain) mieścić (pomieścić perf); qualifications posiadać; power, permit, opinion mieć; meeting, conversation odbywać (odbyć perf); prisoner, hostage przetrzymywać (przetrzymać perf)to hold sb responsible/liable — obarczać (obarczyć perf) kogoś odpowiedzialnością
to get hold of ( fig) — object, information zdobywać (zdobyć perf) +acc; person łapać (złapać perf) +acc (inf)
to get hold of o.s. — brać (wziąć perf) się w garść
to hold firm/fast — trzymać się mocno
he holds the view that … — jest zdania, że …
I don't hold with … — nie popieram +gen
hold still, hold steady — nie ruszaj się
Phrasal Verbs:- hold off- hold on- hold out- hold up2. viglue etc trzymać (mocno); argument etc zachowywać (zachować perf) ważność, pozostawać w mocy; offer, invitation być aktualnym; luck, weather utrzymywać się (utrzymać się perf); ( TEL) czekać (zaczekać perf)3. n( grasp) chwyt m; (of ship, plane) ładownia f* * *I 1. [həuld] past tense, past participle - held; verb1) (to have in one's hand(s) or between one's hands: He was holding a knife; Hold that dish with both hands; He held the little boy's hand; He held the mouse by its tail.) trzymać2) (to have in a part, or between parts, of the body, or between parts of a tool etc: He held the pencil in his teeth; She was holding a pile of books in her arms; Hold the stamp with tweezers.) trzymać3) (to support or keep from moving, running away, falling etc: What holds that shelf up?; He held the door closed by leaning against it; Hold your hands above your head; Hold his arms so that he can't struggle.) trzymać, przytrzymywać4) (to remain in position, fixed etc when under strain: I've tied the two pieces of string together, but I'm not sure the knot will hold; Will the anchor hold in a storm?) wytrzymywać5) (to keep (a person) in some place or in one's power: The police are holding a man for questioning in connection with the murder; He was held captive.) zatrzymać6) (to (be able to) contain: This jug holds two pints; You can't hold water in a handkerchief; This drawer holds all my shirts.) (po)mieścić7) (to cause to take place: The meeting will be held next week; We'll hold the meeting in the hall.) odbywać8) (to keep (oneself), or to be, in a particular state or condition: We'll hold ourselves in readiness in case you send for us; She holds herself very erect.) trzymać się9) (to have or be in (a job etc): He held the position of company secretary for five years.) zajmować stanowisko10) (to think strongly; to believe; to consider or regard: I hold that this was the right decision; He holds me (to be) responsible for everyone's mistakes; He is held in great respect; He holds certain very odd beliefs.) uważać że, utrzymywać, mieć11) (to continue to be valid or apply: Our offer will hold until next week; These rules hold under all circumstances.) być aktualnym, obowiązywać12) ((with to) to force (a person) to do something he has promised to do: I intend to hold him to his promises.) zmusić do dotrzymania (obietnicy)13) (to defend: They held the castle against the enemy.) bronić14) (not to be beaten by: The general realized that the soldiers could not hold the enemy for long.) powstrzymać15) (to keep (a person's attention): If you can't hold your pupils' attention, you can't be a good teacher.) utrzymywać16) (to keep someone in a certain state: Don't hold us in suspense, what was the final decision?) przetrzymać17) (to celebrate: The festival is held on 24 June.) obchodzić18) (to be the owner of: He holds shares in this company.) posiadać19) ((of good weather) to continue: I hope the weather holds until after the school sports.) utrzymywać się20) ((also hold the line) (of a person who is making a telephone call) to wait: Mr Brown is busy at the moment - will you hold or would you like him to call you back?) czekać (przy telefonie)21) (to continue to sing: Please hold that note for four whole beats.) trzymać22) (to keep (something): They'll hold your luggage at the station until you collect it.) przechowywać23) ((of the future) to be going to produce: I wonder what the future holds for me?) gotować2. noun1) (the act of holding: He caught/got/laid/took hold of the rope and pulled; Keep hold of that rope.) chwyt2) (power; influence: He has a strange hold over that girl.) wpływ3) ((in wrestling etc) a manner of holding one's opponent: The wrestler invented a new hold.) chwyt•- - holder- hold-all
- get hold of
- hold back
- hold down
- hold forth
- hold good
- hold it
- hold off
- hold on
- hold out
- hold one's own
- hold one's tongue
- hold up
- hold-up
- hold with II [həuld] noun((in ships) the place, below the deck, where cargo is stored.) ładownia -
10 piece
[piːs] 1. nto take sth to pieces — rozkładać (rozłożyć perf) or rozbierać (rozebrać perf) coś na części
piece by piece — kawałek po kawałku, część po części
2. vtI've said my piece — powiedziałem, co miałem do powiedzenia
Phrasal Verbs:* * *[pi:s] 1. noun1) (a part of anything: a piece of cake; He examined it carefully piece by piece (= each piece separately).) kawałek, fragment2) (a single thing or example of something: a piece of paper; a piece of news.) kawałek3) (a composition in music, writing (an article, short story etc), drama, sculpture etc: He wrote a piece on social reform in the local newspaper.) kawałek, utwór4) (a coin of a particular value: a five-pence piece.) moneta5) (in chess, draughts and other games, a small shape made of wood, metal, plastic etc that is moved according to the rules of the game.) figura, pionek•2. adjective(done etc in this way: He has a rather piecemeal way of working.) fragmentaryczny- go all to pieces- go to pieces
- in pieces
- piece together
- to pieces -
11 formal
['fɔːməl]adjeducation, style formalny; statement, behaviour formalny, oficjalny; occasion, dinner uroczysty; gardens tradycyjny, typowy* * *['fo:məl]1) (done etc according to a fixed and accepted way: a formal letter.) oficjalny, urzędowy2) (suitable or correct for occasions when things are done according to a fixed and accepted way: You must wear formal dress.) oficjalny, wieczorowy3) ((of behaviour, attitude etc) not relaxed and friendly: formal behaviour.) sztywny4) ((of language) exactly correct by grammatical etc rules but not conversational: Her English was very formal.) bardzo poprawny, niekolokwialny5) ((of designs etc) precise and following a fixed pattern rather than occuring naturally: formal gardens.) formalistyczny•- formally- formality -
12 set
[sɛt] 1. n( of problems) zespół m; (of saucepans, books) komplet m; ( of people) grupa f; (also: radio set) radio nt, odbiornik m radiowy; (also: TV set) telewizor m, odbiornik m telewizyjny; (TENNIS) set m; ( MATH) zbiór m; (FILM) plan m; ( THEAT) dekoracje pl; ( of hair) ułożenie nt, modelowanie nt2. adj 3. vt; pt, pp setplace, stage przygotowywać (przygotować perf); time, rules ustalać (ustalić perf); record ustanawiać (ustanowić perf); alarm, watch nastawiać (nastawić perf); task, exercise zadawać (zadać perf); exam układać (ułożyć perf); ( TYP) składać (złożyć perf)4. vi; pt, pp setsun zachodzić (zajść perf); jelly, concrete tężeć (stężeć perf); glue wysychać (wyschnąć perf); bone zrastać się (zrosnąć się perf)to set the table — nakrywać (nakryć perf) do stołu
to set sth to music — komponować (skomponować perf) muzykę do czegoś
to set free — uwalniać (uwolnić perf), zwalniać (zwolnić perf)
to set sail — podnosić (podnieść perf) żagle
Phrasal Verbs:- set back- set in- set off- set out- set up* * *[set] 1. present participle - setting; verb1) (to put or place: She set the tray down on the table.) kłaść2) (to put plates, knives, forks etc on (a table) for a meal: Please would you set the table for me?) nakrywać do3) (to settle or arrange (a date, limit, price etc): It's difficult to set a price on a book when you don't know its value.) ustalać, określać4) (to give a person (a task etc) to do: The witch set the prince three tasks; The teacher set a test for her pupils; He should set the others a good example.) dawać5) (to cause to start doing something: His behaviour set people talking.) skłaniać do6) ((of the sun etc) to disappear below the horizon: It gets cooler when the sun sets.) zachodzić7) (to become firm or solid: Has the concrete set?) zastygnąć, wiązać8) (to adjust (eg a clock or its alarm) so that it is ready to perform its function: He set the alarm for 7.00 a.m.) nastawić9) (to arrange (hair) in waves or curls.) ułożyć10) (to fix in the surface of something, eg jewels in a ring.) osadzić11) (to put (broken bones) into the correct position for healing: They set his broken arm.) nastawić, złożyć2. adjective1) (fixed or arranged previously: There is a set procedure for doing this.) ustalony, stały2) ((often with on) ready, intending or determined (to do something): He is set on going.) gotowy, zdeterminowany3) (deliberate: He had the set intention of hurting her.) rozmyślny, postanowiony4) (stiff; fixed: He had a set smile on his face.) nieruchomy5) (not changing or developing: set ideas.) stały, ustalony6) ((with with) having something set in it: a gold ring set with diamonds.) wysadzony3. noun1) (a group of things used or belonging together: a set of carving tools; a complete set of (the novels of) Jane Austen.) zestaw, komplet2) (an apparatus for receiving radio or television signals: a television/radio set.) odbiornik3) (a group of people: the musical set.) zespół4) (the process of setting hair: a shampoo and set.) ułożenie5) (scenery for a play or film: There was a very impressive set in the final act.) dekoracje, plan6) (a group of six or more games in tennis: She won the first set and lost the next two.) set•- setting- setback
- set phrase
- set-square
- setting-lotion
- set-to
- set-up
- all set
- set about
- set someone against someone
- set against someone
- set someone against
- set against
- set aside
- set back
- set down
- set in
- set off
- set something or someone on someone
- set on someone
- set something or someone on
- set on
- set out
- set to
- set up
- set up camp
- set up house
- set up shop
- set upon -
13 by
[baɪ] 1. prep1) (referring to cause, agent) przez +acc2) (referring to method, manner, means)to pay by cheque — płacić (zapłacić perf) czekiem
3) (via, through) przez +acc4) ( close to)5) ( past) obok +gen, koło +gen6) ( not later than) do +genby the time I got here it was too late — zanim tu dotarłem, było już za późno
7) ( amount)by the kilo/metre — na kilogramy/metry
8) ( MATH) przez +accto divide by 3 — dzielić (podzielić perf) przez 3
9) ( measure)10) ( according to) według +gen11)12)by the way — nawiasem mówiąc, à propos
this wasn't my idea by the way — nawiasem mówiąc, to nie był mój pomysł
2. advby the way, did you know Claire was back? — à propos, czy wiesz, że Claire wróciła?
2)by and by — wkrótce, niebawem
3)by and large I would agree with you — ogólnie (rzecz) biorąc, zgodziłbym się z tobą
* * *1. preposition1) (next to; near; at the side of: by the door; He sat by his sister.) obok, przy2) (past: going by the house.) obok3) (through; along; across: We came by the main road.) przez4) (used (in the passive voice) to show the person or thing which performs an action: struck by a stone.) przez5) (using: He's going to contact us by letter; We travelled by train.) przy pomocy, przez6) (from; through the means of: I met her by chance; by post.) przez7) ((of time) not later than: by 6 o'clock.) do, przed (jakimś momentem)8) (during the time of.) za9) (to the extent of: taller by ten centimetres.) o10) (used to give measurements etc: 4 metres by 2 metres.) na11) (in quantities of: fruit sold by the kilo.) na12) (in respect of: a teacher by profession.) przez, z2. adverb1) (near: They stood by and watched.) blisko2) (past: A dog ran by.) obok, niedaleko3) (aside; away: money put by for an emergency.) na bok•- bypass 3. verb(to avoid (a place) by taking such a road.) objeżdżać- bystander
- by and by
- by and large
- by oneself
- by the way -
14 constitution
[kɔnstɪ'tjuːʃən]n( of country) konstytucja f; ( of organization) statut m; ( of committee etc) skład m* * *1) (a set of rules governing an organization; the supreme laws and rights of a country's people etc: the constitution of the country.) konstytucja2) (physical characteristics, health etc: He has a strong constitution.) budowa -
15 referee
[rɛfə'riː] 1. n (SPORT)sędzia m; ( BRIT) ( for job application) osoba f polecająca2. vt* * *[refə'ri:]1) (a person who controls boxing, football etc matches, makes sure that the rules are not broken etc: The referee sent two of the players off the field.) sędzia2) (a person who is willing to provide a note about one's character, ability etc, eg when one applies for new job.) osoba polecająca -
16 foul
[faul] 1. adj 2. n (SPORT)faul m3. vtbrudzić (zabrudzić perf), zanieczyszczać (zanieczyścić perf); (SPORT) faulować (sfaulować perf); anchor, propeller blokować (zablokować perf); fishing net uszkadzać (uszkodzić perf)* * *1. adjective1) ((especially of smell or taste) causing disgust: a foul smell.) wstrętny, paskudny2) (very unpleasant; nasty: a foul mess.) wstrętny, okropny2. noun(an action etc which breaks the rules of a game: The other team committed a foul.) nieczysta gra, faul3. verb1) (to break the rules of a game (against): He fouled his opponent.) faulować2) (to make dirty, especially with faeces: Dogs often foul the pavement.) zanieczyszczać• -
17 hippie
['hɪpɪ]nhipis(ka) m(f)* * *['hipi]plural - hippies; noun, adjective((of) a usually young person who does not wish to live by the normal rules of society and who shows his rejection of these rules by his unusual clothes, habits etc: The farm cottage was bought by a group of young hippies; ( also adjective) hippy clothes.) hipis -
18 hippy
['hɪpɪ]n, see hippie* * *['hipi]plural - hippies; noun, adjective((of) a usually young person who does not wish to live by the normal rules of society and who shows his rejection of these rules by his unusual clothes, habits etc: The farm cottage was bought by a group of young hippies; ( also adjective) hippy clothes.) hipis -
19 law
[lɔː]nprawo ntto go to law — iść (pójść perf) do sądu
to break the law — łamać (złamać perf) prawo
* * *[lo:]1) (the collection of rules according to which people live or a country etc is governed: Such an action is against the law; law and order.) prawo2) (any one of such rules: A new law has been passed by Parliament.) ustawa3) ((in science) a rule that says that under certain conditions certain things always happen: the law of gravity.) prawo•- lawful- lawfully
- lawless
- lawlessly
- lawlessness
- lawyer
- law-abiding
- law court
- lawsuit
- be a law unto oneself
- the law
- the law of the land
- lay down the law -
20 rule
[ruːl] 1. n( norm) reguła f; ( regulation) przepis m; ( government) rządy pl, panowanie nt2. vtrządzić +instr3. vito rule (over sb/sth) — rządzić (kimś/czymś)
to rule in favour of/against/on — wydawać (wydać perf) orzeczenie na korzyść +gen /na niekorzyść +gen /w sprawie +gen
to rule that … — orzekać (orzec perf), że …
as a rule of thumb, … — można przyjąć, że …
Phrasal Verbs:- rule out* * *[ru:l] 1. noun1) (government: under foreign rule.) panowanie2) (a regulation or order: school rules.) przepis3) (what usually happens or is done; a general principle: He is an exception to the rule that fat people are usually happy.) reguła4) (a general standard that guides one's actions: I make it a rule never to be late for appointments.) zasada5) (a marked strip of wood, metal etc for measuring: He measured the windows with a rule.) miara, przymiar2. verb1) (to govern: The king ruled (the people) wisely.) rządzić2) (to decide officially: The judge ruled that the witness should be heard.) zawyrokować3) (to draw (a straight line): He ruled a line across the page.) narysować (linię)•- ruled- ruler
- ruling 3. noun(an official decision: The judge gave his ruling.) orzeczenie- rule off
- rule out
- 1
- 2
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